Proceedings of the O.S. Popov ОNAT

THE ICT INTEGRATION AND ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE INFLUENCE AND ITS IMPORTANCE ON SUSTAINABLE SOCIETY DEVELOPMENT

2021-05-19T14:44:04+03:00

The purpose of the study is to determine the role of forecasting, its tasks and components in order to ensure the stable development of society in terms of integration of ICT and artificial intelligence. The study considers the indicators that characterize the results of society development due to scientific and technological progress. It also aims at analyzing the projected changes in society, as well as changes in the structure of infocommunication networks and technologies. It identifies the facts that significantly create instability in the global world in the form of military conflicts, huge military spending, famine and disease.

Scientific novelty is to determine the purpose of forecasting and its active nature in terms of identifying and supporting factors, the introduction of which will stabilize society and improve the quality of life, which is determined by the happiness index. It is emphasized that the development of education and science can form a socio-political system in which the top of power will coincide with the top of wisdom and morality. Clearly and correctly formulated goals and forecast indicators will avoid many risks. Unemployment is one of the most dangerous

DEEP LEVELS IN P-N-STRUCTURES BASED ON GaAsP

2021-05-24T12:21:10+03:00

Research of deep levels in p-n-structures based on a GaAsP solid solution has been done. It is shown that a significant spread in the efficiency of the studied LEDs is due to the difference in the composition of GaAsP in the active region. It has been determined that the main parameter that determines the efficiency of a light-emitting diode is its internal quantum efficiency, which is associated with the probability of radiative and nonradiative transitions. It is connected with deep levels caused by various types of defects. The ionization energies of deep levels in the depletion layer of p-n-junctions are determined using the method of thermally stimulated currents (TSC). It is shown that the presence of such levels can lead to a significant increase in the series resistance of the LED, which in turn will lead to a decrease in efficiency and additional heating of the diode. The structure and parameters the samples that investigated are described. Information about distribution of impurities in p-n-junctions of light-emitting diodes based on GaAsP was obtained by measuring the capacitance-voltage characteristics. Device that used to determine the TSС is described. The results of calculations of deep impurity levels and their concentration from the TSC curves for various LEDs based on GaAsP are presented.

CODING EFFICIENCY IN RESIDUAL CLASS SYSTEMS

2021-05-25T14:17:41+03:00

In the process of transmitting signals over channels of different data transmission systems to provide high reliability and transmission performance can use various coding methods and ways of converting transmitted data. Moreover, each of the methods has its own advantages and disadvantages in comparison with others. For example, when using timer signaling structures (TSC), it is possible to provide the transmission of significantly more information in one time interval in comparison, for example, with positional coding. Also, classical positional coding is inferior in such important parameters of data transmission as information capacity and entropy. At the same time, the used language of the transmitted text information significantly affects the results of calculating these parameters, based on which the calculations are carried out or the type of text used (literary, technical, etc.). Also, the result of the calculations can be affected by the volume of the analyzed text (the influence is likely to be noticeable in particular cases, and not in general). In these conditions, the possibility of using a certain / adapted type of coding of the transmitted data in the corresponding information transmission systems becomes especially important. Conducted theoretical studies show that timer signal coding under these conditions can be successfully applied in residual class systems, in contrast to positional coding. This possibility provides a number of advantages over the classical positional coding method in terms of reliability, performance and amount of transmitted information. To fully confirm the validity of the results obtained in the course of theoretical research, it is necessary to conduct appropriate practical research, for example, with the simulation on a software model of the application of a particular transmission system with different coding principles.

CALCULATING METHOD OF THE PACKET NETWORK ACCESS TRAFFIC CAPACITY FOR IoT DEVICES

2021-05-29T17:01:25+03:00

When creating packet networks of a new generation, the problem of calculating the throughput of broadband multiservice access networks arises. In practice, for this they use mathematical modeling, or without proper justification, the traditional formulas of the theory of information distribution. The well-known analytical solution for ATM technology is extremely cumbersome and practically not used. Today, there is not generally accepted analytical or engineering method for solving the problem. At the same time, telecommunication networks must develop to provide all the necessary conditions for the practical application of the concept of the Internet of Things (IoT). One of these conditions is the maintenance of multiservice traffic with specified quality of service indicators. The paper developed a method for calculating the bandwidth or the number of conditional channels of a packet access network for IoT devices. In this case, the calculation of the bandwidth of the access network of IoT devices is performed at the level of calls and packets separately. At the level of calls from IoT devices, the Engset model is used for traffic due to the small number of groups of the devices themselves, and at the packet level, the model of self-similar flow is applied. Calculation of quality of service characteristics in a packet communication network is reduced to determining the Hurst coefficient of self-similarity of traffic, after which the average number of packets in the system is calculated using the well-known Norros formula. Other characteristics, such as the average number of packets in the queue, the average residence time of packets in the system and the average delay time of packets in a single-channel system, are calculated based on their functional relationship with the previously calculated average number of packets in the system. Based on the approximation of the distribution function of the system states, the probability of waiting for packet servicing and the average delay time of packets in the packet switch queue are calculated

CHARACTERISTICS OF VIBRATOR ARRAYS DIRECTIVITY ON HARMONICS OF MAIN FREQUENCY

2021-05-29T17:07:10+03:00

Antenna patterns representing dependences of the directivity factor (DF) on angular coordinates for arrays formed from Yagi-Uda aerials are considered and discussed. The results of computer modelling are based on the decision of integral equations by the method of moments. Patterns that represent dependences of the coefficient of the directivity factor (DF) for an array and her elements from angular coordinates are counted on fundamental frequency and four harmonics. The data obtained confirmed the validity of the assumptions that the directivity properties of vibrator antenna arrays can significantly affect the EMC conditions for harmonics of the fundamental frequency. At these frequencies, several main maxima appear in the radiation patterns, the level of directivity in which may even exceed the maximum directivity in the main lobe at the fundamental frequency. The DF patterns shown in the article refer to the case of in-phase excitation of the active elements of the array (without supply lines). However, in the presence of such lines with sequential or mixed power supply circuits, the dependence of the directivity on the angular coordinates can change significantly. The presence of bandpass filters in the input and output stages of the radar will make it possible to largely suppress the levels of harmonic interference, however, if these filters are made on the basis of transmission line segments, their parameters at harmonic frequencies may be insufficient. Further research can be aimed at studying the spatial characteristics and directivity of vibrator antenna arrays based on wave channel antennas with an increased number of passive vibrators, as well as with various power supply and filtering schemes

COMBINED INFLUENCE OF DOPPLER EFFECT AND PILOT DE-ORTHOGONALIZATION ON 2×2 TO 4×4 MIMO SYSTEMS AND IMPROVEMENT OF ORTHOGONAL SEQUENCES

2021-05-29T17:14:21+03:00

The Doppler effect in 2×2, 3×3, and 4×4 MIMO wireless communication systems with channel state estimation is studied. The orthogonal pilot signal approach is used for the channel estimation, where the Hadamard sequences are used for piloting along with the eight Romanuke orthogonal sets similar to the Walsh set. The Doppler effect is additionally aggravated by the pilot signal de-orthogonalization, where two negative-to-positive symbol errors are assumed to have occurred while signal is transmitted. MIMO transmissions are simulated for 10 cases of the frame length and pilot symbols per frame by no Doppler shift to 1100 Hz Doppler shift with a step of 100 Hz. By assuming that the carrier frequency is 5,9 GHz, the step corresponds to a motion speed of about 18.3 km/hr. Based on the simulations, it is ascertained that the Doppler effect negatively influences transmissions of long data packets. It is impracticable to apply MIMO transmissions of long packets at speeds exceeding 100 km/hr. To maintain an appropriate MIMO link data rate, the packet length should be shortened as the motion speed increases. On the other hand, the MIMO performance is substantially improved by increasing the number of antennas, except for the case of transmitting long packets. Besides, under the de-orthogonalization caused by two negative-to-positive symbol errors, the MIMO Walsh pilot sequences are outperformed by MIMO Romanuke pilot sequences, so the latter are considered as an improvement of MIMO orthogonal sequences. However, the performance difference between the Romanuke and Walsh pilot sequences decays as a greater number of transmit-receive antenna pairs is used and the motion speed increases

A METHOD FOR FORMATION PARAMETERS OF CHAOS GENERATORS BASED ON HASH FUNCTIONS

2021-05-29T17:23:39+03:00

Recently, more and more attention has been paid to the study issues of the properties phenomenon of dynamic chaos, which has penetrated practically all areas of scientific activity, including cryptography, radio-technical transmission systems, etc. Dynamic chaos opens new possibilities for the formation of random sequences that are used in cryptographic systems. Using such sequences, it is possible to solve problems of improving the cryptographic strength of streaming encryption systems. The reason for this is that the properties of dynamic chaos, which, as a rule, apply to gamma sequences: the motion of deterministic dynamic system under certain conditions has all the properties of the noise signal; the presence of nonlinearity and non-periodicity of the process. For the formation of gamma sequences, it is proposed to use software chaos generators, which, in contrast to linear congruent generators, have much a longer period. A characteristic feature of chaos generators is that minor changes in their initial parameters lead to the formation of new values of the oscillations. This allows the formation of various trajectories of the chaotic process, on the basis of which can create almost unlimited number combinations of gamma sequences of a given length. This article proposes a method of forming the initial parameters of program chaos generators based on conversion of the hash function of the password characters of the cryptographic system user

A NUMERICAL-ANALYTICAL METHOD FOR THE SYNTHESIS OF OPTIMAL IRREGULAR DWDM FREQUENCY PLANS

2021-05-29T17:29:02+03:00

The possibilities of increasing the throughput of fiber-optic transmission systems by using an uneven frequency grid are investigated. In this case, the bandwidth of each channel is selected so that the transmission rate is the same for all channels. In this work, both linear and some nonlinear effects are taken into account, leading to the distortion of the optical pulse. Simulation of nonlinear effects is based on a model in the form of a generalized nonlinear Schrödinger equation. The developed program provides modeling of linear and nonlinear distortions for the DWDM range (from 1460 to 1625 nm). The characteristics of different types of optical fiber are also provided. Non-linear effects are investigated for NZ DSF-type dispersion-shifted fiber. Differential equations are solved by the method of splitting according to physical factors. It is shown that for this type of fiber at distances of 100 km and more, a soliton transmission mode appears. In this case, the frequency band of the soliton regime can reach significant values (up to 5 THz) at typical lengths of the regeneration sections of the order of 100-300 km. A method for calculating the bandwidth of uneven frequency plans is proposed. This method has been tested for a 15 THz band. A specific example of calculations is given for the comparison base in the form of a uniform frequency plan with a single channel bandwidth of 50 GHz. It is shown that optimal non-uniform frequency plans can significantly increase the throughput of DWDM systems: in the given example, approximately 3 times. At the same time, the complexity of the equipment increases slightly

LEARNING SYSTEM DESIGN FOR GAME APPLICATIONS

2021-05-29T17:34:58+03:00

The presented paper investigates the problem of designing a learning system for agents in intelligent game applications based on Unity Game Engine and reinforcement machine learning algorithms. Modern trends in the game applications development are characterized by the active using of the concept of an intelligent agent as a behavior model of an active element in various situations with applying various strategies for interactions with other active elements and the environment. In recent years, there have been a significant number of advances in this area, such as DeepMind and the Deep Q learning architecture, the winning of the Go Game Champion with AlphaGo, OpenAI and PPO. Unity developers have implemented a support for machine learning and, in particular, for deep reinforcement learning in order to create a deep reinforcement learning the SDK (Software Development Kit) for game and simulation developers. With Unity and ML-Agents toolkits we can create physically, visually, and cognitively rich environments, including ones for evaluating new algorithms and strategies. However, learning system design for agents in Unity ML-Agents is possible only by using the Python API. The possibility of a learning system design for agents in the Flappy Bird game application based on the Unity Game Engine with using its own environment is discussed in this paper. Separately, the paper highlights typical features of the Flappy Bird gaming application environment. The environment can be implemented as a fully observable environment or a partially observable environment. The fully observable environment is suggested to be used due to all environment states in this case are seen in the playfield. Thus, the problem of strategy formation is considered as a Markov decision-making process and the agent directly observes the current state of the environment. Temporal Difference Learning is used as a learning method; it involves the assessment of a reward at each stage. Two separate environments, deterministic and stochastic, have been implemented, that allows to conduct further research and evaluation of strategy formation algorithms

SPATIAL DIVERSITY SIGNAL TRANSMISSION IN DIGITAL TROPOSCATTER STATIONS

2021-05-29T17:41:37+03:00

The article examines the possibility of increasing the normalized throughput of digital troposcatter stations on the way of using space-separated signal transmission. Shown is a block diagram of the transmitting path of a digital troposcatter station with space-separated signal transmission. Methods of separation at the reception of signals acting at the input of the space-time coding device of the transmission path of the microwave digital troposcatter station are analyzed. Three methods of signal addition are considered in detail: linear addition; auto selection; optimal (quasi-optimal) addition. Various variants of addition are analyzed: before the demodulator and after the demodulator. The calculation of the normalized channel capacity as a function of the signal-to-noise ratio for the case of two transmitting antennas with known and unknown channel matrices is carried out. It was found that with two transmitting antennas and an unknown channel matrix, the normalized bandwidth does not differ from the case of using one transmitting antenna. The effect of cross-polarization isolation on the normalized channel capacity is analyzed, when one transmitting antenna emits signals of horizontal polarization, and the second transmitting antenna emits signals of vertical polarization. The values of the error probability are obtained for spatially-separated signal transmission to two transmitting antennas for two laws of distribution of a random variable - Rayleigh and Rice. The Rice distribution law of a random variable, the error probability is expressed through the modified zero-order Bessel function. The calculated data are shown in the table. The calculation was carried out in two frequency ranges allowed for the use of troposcatter communication facilities and for a channel without fading and for a channel with intersymbol interference.

DIRECT DIGITAL SYNTHESIZER IN A NEW MATHEMATICAL BASIS

2021-05-29T17:45:30+03:00

The principles of the construction and operation of a digital synthesizer for direct frequency synthesis with acceleration of computational operations by using a residual class system (RNS) are considered. The specifics of the implementation of the operation of direct and inverse transformations from the positional number system to the number system of the residual classes are described. A mathematical model of a synthesizer with a phase accumulator in the system of residual classes is considered. The ways of designing a digital synthesizer of direct synthesis with a phase accumulator in the RNS system and a sinusoidal DAC are considered. In traditional schemes, the conversion of residuals to the value of an analog signal occurs in several stages, where conversion to a binary system is one of the stages. This procedure degrades the speed of the RNS system, adding additional constraints and increasing the waiting time for the conversion result. Methods of converting from RNS to binary number system for basic operations are considered. A DDS design with a phase accumulator in the residual class system and a converter to an analog signal form without using a slow ROM is proposed. The problems of efficient use of the synthesizer crystal area and reduction of delays in the formation of the output signal are considered. A study of one of the main functional blocks of a direct digital frequency synthesizer, a digital-to-analog converter, has been carried out. The architecture of a direct digital frequency synthesizer with a DAC direct conversion from a non-positional number system to an analog signal is proposed. The main sources of noise generation in digital computational synthesizers of the proposed type are investigated. A mathematical model is proposed for calculating the power spectral density of phase noise, which will allow analyzing the noise characteristics in synthesizers built on the indicated principles

TECHNICAL DIAGNOSIS OF WIRELESS CHANNELS OF 802.11 STANDARD

2021-05-29T17:49:32+03:00

The main task when designing 802.11 wireless networks is to create access with the highest possible channel bandwidth for an individual subscriber. This problem is solved in two ways: calculation and test diagnostics of networks at the design stage; optimization of networks during operation based on technical diagnostics and monitoring. This paper investigates and clarifies the existing terminology for technical diagnostics and control for 802.11 wireless channels. As a result, it is established that radio monitoring is the first stage of technical diagnostics on the basis of which it is possible to obtain statistical characteristics about the change of channel parameters over time. The second stage includes models and methods of analysis and evaluation of channel parameters, considering the influence of various destabilizing factors with control operations. Based on the obtained terminology, a structural-consequential diagnostic model was proposed for the 802.11 wireless channel, which provides a formalized description of the object needed to solve the problems of diagnosis and control. The model uses the general structure of the channel and physical layer of the 802.11 standard and energy and information diagnostic parameters, which is valid for any wireless channel. The level of reliability of technical diagnostics of wireless channels is provided due to the built-in means of monitoring of subscriber devices, the number of input parameters and the observation period. In addition, an assessment of the suitability of the channel for traffic transmission is provided, which involves comparing the bit rate with the obtained technical diagnostic data. This is relevant in the current trends of improving the quality of modern infocommunication services, which significantly increases the bandwidth requirements of channels. The proposed model of technical diagnostics is a concept of methodology. It includes the use of: improved and new developed by the author's own methodological approaches to conducting research on wireless channels; acquired new knowledge about the operation of these channels under the influence of phenomena existing in the transmission medium; new models and methods for estimating energy and information parameters and the relationships between them; methods of evaluation and statistical processing of theoretical and empirical research

SYSTEM OF CERTIFICATION OF CYBERSECURITY OF INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATIONS TECHNOLOGIES

2021-05-29T17:53:03+03:00

Cybersecurity of information and communication technologies (hereinafter - ICT) is a key issue for maintaining the functioning and security of the digital economy and public administration in the soon. An important role in the field of cybersecurity is played by the conformity assessment (certification) of cybersecurity. This may apply to the cybersecurity of ICT components, products, equipment, services and processes, to the cybersecurity of cloud services, to the cybersecurity of technological processes, to personal competence in the field of cybersecurity, and so on. Cybersecurity certification rules, procedures, and management establish a certification scheme, and a set of rules and procedures for managing similar or related conformity assessment schemes form a certification system. Creating cybersecurity certification schemes is a priority and relevant today. There are now a number of systems and assessment standards that can be applied to cybersecurity certification, but they do not ensure mutual recognition of test laboratory test and evaluation procedures and results, and the pursuit of harmonized and comparable cybersecurity assessment and implementation procedures. This situation is a global problem. Accordingly, the current legislation of Ukraine in the field of cybersecurity sets tasks for the application of the best international and European principles of conformity assessment of information and cybersecurity. The creation of cybersecurity certification systems and schemes based on international and European principles of conformity assessment requires appropriate scientific and methodological support. The article proposes a hierarchical model of assessment standards for the cybersecurity certification system and a hierarchical model of agreements on mutual recognition of cybersecurity certificates. Also, in the article, based on these models, the basics of the Cyber Security Certification System and Cyber Security Certification Schemes for ICT products and cloud services are proposed, with an emphasis on such elements as: assessment standards; accreditation of certification bodies; mutual recognition of certification results

DEFINITION OF ECONOMIC EFFICIENCY OF ICT INFRASTRUCTURE CO-DEPLOYMENT WITH ROAD TRANSPORT AND ENERGY INFRASTRUCTURE

2021-05-29T17:58:05+03:00

As more of the world becomes digital, broadband access becomes more important than ever, including in rural and remote areas. National programmes to develop the information and communications technology (ICT) infrastructure and reduce the digital divide are recognized as essential to the achievement of national socioeconomic development plans. However, for telecom operators, laying fibre-optic cables in sparsely populated regions is not always economically viable, and the existing telephone network in many regions is not adapted to provide broadband access to the Internet. The economic cost and resources used to deploy the ICT infrastructure could be optimized through co-deployment, which is defined as the concomitant deployment of ducts and/or fibre-optic cables during the construction of infrastructure such as new roads, highways, railways, power transmission lines and oil/gas pipelines. At the same time, the issues of assessing the economic efficiency of the co-deployment of telecommunications with other infrastructure services within the framework of one project remain insufficiently resolved. The aim of the work is formation of a method of an estimation of efficiency co-deployment with road transport and energy infrastructure. The article is comprised of the following components: overview of methodology for determining the compatibility potential of ICT infrastructure co-deployment with road transport and energy infrastructure; a parametric model of ICT infrastructure co-deployment with road transport and energy infrastructure; methodology for assessing the economic efficiency of ICT infrastructure co-deployment with road transport and energy infrastructure. The subject of the research is the process of ICT infrastructure co- deployment with road transport and energy infrastructure. The scientific novelty of the work consists in the development of methodology that is based on the principle of comparing an indicator of the speed of a specific increment in value for cases of co-deployment and separate deployment of the corresponding infrastructures.

PRECONDITIONS OF INTERNET TELEVISION DEVELOPMENT BASED ON THE PRINCIPLES OF SOCIAL AND ETHICAL MARKETING

2021-05-29T18:02:33+03:00

This article explains why modern Internet television is one of the leading sources of information at a time when people are restricted from moving freely as a result of the pandemic. It has been shown that users who have switched to remote work opt for multi-screen formats to receive modern services – on smartphones, tablets, PCs, TVs, and other devices. End-users’ demand for television content and streaming services has increased considerably. This has led to growth in telecommunication services and Internet traffic. For this reason, it’s necessary to develop approaches to further the evolution of modern Internet television. This is something that has to be based on social and ethical marketing. A marketing study of television users has identified the main consumers and their needs, as well as prospects for the growth in demand for Internet television services. A criterion and factor analysis was done to evaluate the preconditions for the use of social and ethical marketing tools for the development of Internet television. It determined that the social factor is what mainly caused the development of said services. We explained the main advantages of introducing social and ethical marketing, meeting society’s needs for modern services, and ensuring businesses’ profitability during crises. The main types of consequences that can arise from these processes at different levels of economic activity are summarized. A number of promising areas for further development of Internet television have been described, among which the most important is the development of streaming services and multi-screen technologies. Approaches for providing financial support for developing Internet television through the introduction of public-private partnership tools (for large enterprises), crowdfunding, and other digital financial platforms – for small and medium-sized companies are proposed.